Multiple myeloma and malignant plasma cell tumors

Abstract

Introduction: Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that primarily affects the bone marrow, characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasmocytes. It presents with symptoms like hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, and lytic bone lesions. Diagnosis involves identifying plasma cell infiltration in the bone marrow and monoclonal proteins in blood and urine. Risk factors include advanced age, genetic predisposition, male sex and exposure to environmental agents. The prevalence increases with age, particularly among individuals >65 years old, and global incidence has been rising, partly due to improved diagnostic techniques. Objective: Describe the epidemiology of multiple myeloma in Chile and worldwide, assessing its magnitude and impact. Methodology: A descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study was conducted, based on national records of hospital discharges and multiple myeloma -related mortality from 2002 to 2019, complemented by a review of scientific literature. Demographic variables such as age, sex, and geographic region were analyzed to understand disease patterns. Result: In Chile, mortality has shown an upward trend, related to population aging and exposure to risk factors. However, therapeutic advances have stabilized mortality rates. Given the projected aging of the population, an increase in the incidence of multiple myeloma is expected, highlighting the need to improve diagnosis and treatment to optimize clinical outcomes. Conclusion: Despite therapeutic advances, incidence has increased and mortality remains stable, with inequalities by age, sex, and region, emphasizing the need for policies focused on prevention, early diagnosis, and equitable access to treatment.